abdi najah ismail{jablibaax}
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the history of somaliland
first if we are somalilanders we believe that our country will be a wellknown country of the world
if allah says now u can read the history of somaliland when u read write your idea the guset book
History
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- Main article: History of Somaliland
Formerly the British Somaliland Protectorate, shortly after gaining independence British Somaliland in 26 June 1960 merged with Italian Somaliland in 1960 to form Somalia.
In 1991, after the collapse of the central government in Somalia, the territory asserted its independence as the Republic of Somaliland, although it has received little if any international recognition.
The economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and American military assistance programs may have been largely destroyed by war. The people of Somaliland had rebelled against Siad Barre dictatorship in Mogadishu which prompted a massive reaction by the government.
Egal was elected president in 1993, re-elected in 1998 and remained in power until his death on May 3, 2002. The vice president Dahir Riyale Kahin was declared the new president shortly afterwards.
Politics
- Main article: Politics of Somaliland
Consequently, Somaliland has formed a hybrid system of governance combining traditional and western institutions. In a series of inter-clan conferences, culminating in the Borama Conference in 1993, a beel (clan or community) system of government was constructed, which consisted of an Executive, with a President, Vice President, and Council of Ministers, a bicameral Legislature, and an independent judiciary. The traditional Somali council of elders (guurti) was incorporated into the governance structure and formed the upper house, responsible for selecting a President as well as managing internal conflicts. Government became in essence a "power-sharing coalition of Somaliland's main clans," with seats in the Upper and Lower houses proportionally allocated to clans according to a pre-determined formula. In 2002, after several extensions of this interim government, Somaliland finally made the transition to multi-party democracy, with district council elections contested by six parties, considered the "most peaceful in Africa for twenty years."
The district elections also determined which parties were allowed to contest the parliamentary and presidential elections, where a party was required to demonstrate at least twenty percent of the popular vote from four out of the six regions. This important caveat insured that parties would focus on consensus building and would not organize around ethnic lines. Subsequently, three parties were selected to submit presidential candidates: the UDUB party , Kulmiye, and the Party for Justice and Democracy (UCID). On April 14, 2003, 488,543 voters participated the presidential elections, which ran more or less smoothly. The result was a slim eighty vote controversial victory for UDUB over the Kulmiye, complicated by allegations of ballot stuffing against the incumbent UDUB. Despite calls for the Kulmiye to form a rival government, the party’s leadership did not do so, instead choosing to abide by the ruling of an admittedly unqualified Supreme Court that upheld UDUB’s victory. Despite minor demonstrations, the transition to the presidency of Daahir Rayaale Kaahin proceeded peacefully. This transition, combined with the fact that Kaahin was not a member of the dominant Isaaq clan, speaks volumes about the inter-clan commitment to peace-building and the rule of law. It could be, according to Steve Kibble, "the first indigenous modern African form of government." Without a doubt, the Somaliland government holds legitimacy in the eyes of its own people.
Somaliland boasts a constitution, a functional parliament and government ministries, an army, a police force, judiciary, and many of the signs of statehood, including a flag, currency, and passports. Nonetheless, it faces some significant problems to its continued survival. Like other Somali governments, it lacks a consistent taxation base and receives most of its support from private actors. Corruption remains a problem, women are virtually unrepresented in government, and there are growing concerns about voting patterns based on ethnic lines as well as the virtual monopoly that UDUB has gained over both the regional councils and presidency in a majoritarian political context. Moreover, the large part of Somalilanders still harbour vivid memories of a predatory and extractive central state and are therefore wary of the construction of any strong central authority; this is evident in the importance placed on the role of the regional councils in dealing with local problems.
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Baarlamaanka la soo doortay ma dhab baa mise waa dhalanteed?
Rajo qayirul caadi ah ayaa dadweynaha, siyaasiyiinta iyo xittaa mudanayaasha la soo doortay ku xidhayaan wax-qabadka baarlamaanka cusub. Waxad mooddaa in baarlamaanka cusubi furdaaminayo mushkiladaha tirada badan ee dalka ka jira. Waa rajo la buunbuuniyey. Rajadii la buunbuuniyaana niyad jab iyo dareen hungo ayay dhalshaa. Dareenka hungona wuxu halis ku yahay hayaankii la beegsanayey.
Mabd'a Saddexda Dhardhaar:
Dhaqankeenii reer miyiga, marka qoysku damco inuu cunto karsado wuxu huriyaa dabka, waxa la diyaariyaa saddex dhardhaar oo isku dherer iyo dhumuc ah oo loo dhigayo hab saddex-xagal siman ah, markaas ayaa dherigii oo wixii la karinayey ku jiraan dabka la saaraa.Haddii dhardhaardu aanay isu miisaanayn dherigu wuu janjeedhsanayaa wuxuuna halis u yahay inuu afrogmo. haddii ay kala yar yihiin ama dhardhaarda mid maqan yahay, dheriguba dabka fuulimaayo.
Sidaas oo kale ayaa nidaamka dimuqraadiga ee reer galbeedka ka soo jeedaa wuxu ku fadhiyaa saddex gole oo sida dhardharada isu-dheelitiran, gudboon oo leh awoodo dastoorka ku qayaxan oo is taageeraya, awoodo is dhamaystiraya isna ilaalinaya (check and balance). Saddexda gole ama dhardhaar ee dawladeed Waxay kala yihiin: golaha sharci dejinta (legislative branch), golaha fulinta/xukuumadda (Executive branch) iyo gasoorka (Judiciary). Kolka saddexdaas dhardhaar ama gole u shaqaynayaan si isu-miisaaman ayuu hirgeli karaa hanaanka dimuqraadiga ah ee Somalilayn albaabkiisa garaacayso.
waxa xilalka saddexdan gole amd dhardhaar lagu soo koobi kara sidan:
Golaha Fulinta ama Xukuumadda
Golahaas waxa horjooge u ah madaxweynaha/madaxweyne-xigeen ama Madaxweyne/raiisulwasaare. Waxa ka farcama wasaaradaha,waaxaha (departments), haydaha madaxa banaan.
Golahani, isagoo ku shaqaynaya xayndaabka shuruucda dalka oo dastoorku ugu mudan yahay, kana turjumaya himilada shicibka, wuxu dejiya yoolalka fog iyo kuwa dhaw ee looga dan leeyahay in wax lagaga beddelo qaabka nololeed ama dhaqan-dhaqaale iyo guud ahaan miciishadda dadweynaha, waxa kale ee golaha xukuumaddu dejiyaa qorshayaashii dhaqaale, siyaasadeed, bulsho ee loogu siqi lahaa yoolalkii la dhigtay. Golahani Wuxu qorsheeyaa abuuridda habsami u urrurinta dhakhaliga uu ku hawlgeli lahaa. Golahani isagoo isu qiyaasaya haynta kooban iyo baahida faraha badan ee jirta, wuxu dejiyaa kala mudnaanta baahiyaha dalka jirta.
Golaha Sharci dejinta ama Baarlamaanka
Sida magaciisu muujinayo waa hay'adda dejisa shuruucda dalka lagu maamulayo, samaysa dastoorka, u xilsaaran dib-u-eegidda iyo wax ka beddelidda shurrucda si waafqsan himilada iyo rabbitaanka dadkii soo doortay.
Goluhu isagoo adeegsanaya guddiyadiisa kala duwan (parliamentary committees), wuxu dabagal ku sameeyaa habsami u socodka waxqabadka xukuumadda iyo sida waxqabadkaasi uga turjumayo yoolalkii xukuumaddu dhigtay.
Golaha ama dhardhaarka garsoorka:
Dhardhaarkani waa ilaaliyaha ama gaadh-hayaha ku dhaqanka iyo meel marinta dastoorka qaranka, shuruucda iyo xeerarka kale ee ka farcama. Garsoorku wuxu hubiyaa in siyaasadaha iyo hawlgalada kala duwan ee xukuumaddu shuruucda waafaqsan yihiin, wuxu siidhigga u hayaa inaan xukuumaddu baalmarin ama jebin shurrucda dalka u yaal. Garsoorku wuxu fasiraa kana garnaqaa khilaafaadka iyo isqabadyada sharci, iyadoo maxkamadda dastooriga ahi tahay marjaca u sarreeya hay'adda garsoor.
Nooca Maamul ee ka tisqaaday Somalialyn
Waxa soomalilayn tan iyo 1993 ka hirgalay nidaam dawladeed oo aanay isu-dheelitirnayn saddexda dhardhaar ee uu ku tagan yahay. Awoodda dawladeed waxay ku urursan tahay golaha xukuumadda, iyadoo awoodda golaha sharci-dejineed aanay buurnayn, waxa ka sii liidta dhardhaarka garsoorka oo la odhan karo waa magac-u-yaal.
Arrimahan aynnu kor sheegnay oo dhammi waxay ina tusayaan in golaha sharci dejintu yahay hal dhardhaar saddexda dhardhaar ee uu ku dhisan yahay nidaamka dimuqraadiga ahi. wax-ku-oolnimda golaha baarlamaanku waxay ku xidhan tahay tayada labada dhardhaar ee kale oo ah golaha xukuumada iyo garsoorka. Waxa kale oo ay ku xidhan tahay Wax-ku-oolinmada golaha cusubi aqoonta iyo waaya-aragnimda siyaasadeed ee xubnaha la soo doortay taas aad u kooban. waxa kale oo ay ku xidhan tahay is-afgarad dhex mara golaha fulinta (xukuumadda) oo ah
Waxa aad muhiim u ah inay golaha xukuumadda oo madaxweynuhu hoormood u yahay, ay ka go'an tahay ku tallabsiga isbeddelada dalku u baahan yahay ee maamul wanaajinta iyo sixidda qallocyada jira sida musuqmaasuqa iyo ku-xadgudubka sharciga.
Waxa kale oo lagama maarmaan ah jiritaanka dhardhaarkii garsoorka oo u xil saaran meelmarinta shurucda dalka oo aan baarlamaanku la'aantii micna badan lahayn.
Marka la isku soo xooriyo baarlamaanku waa dhardhaar ka mid ah saddexda dhardhaar ee nidaamka dimuqraadiga ahi ku taagan yahay. waxa dhardhaar keli ahi tari karaana waa yartahay haddii aan labadii kale ama midkood diyaar ahayn
Gebagebo
Haddii la doonayo in lagu guulaysto duruufaha qayrul caadiga ah ee ka jira Somalilayan ee ku saabsan dib-u-hindisidda dawladda (reinventing the State) waxa shardi ah in baarlamaanka iyo Madaxweynuhu ka hawlgalaan sidii la isugu dheelitiri lahaa saddexda dhardhaar ee dawladeed.
Haddii aan madaxweynaha iyo golaha wakiilada ee cusubi isla qaadan hirgelinta mabaadiida aasaasiga ah ee maamul wanaagga (good governance), haddii aanay ku heshiin qeexidda iyo ku-tallabsiga isbeddelada lagama-maar-maanka ah ee dalku u baahan yahay, way adkaanaysaa in Somalilayn kob rays leh ka soo durduriso.
Sidaas daraadeed, madaxweynaha iyo baarlamaanka cusub waxa xil ka saaran yahay sidii ay jaanta isula heli lahaayeen, isagana ilaalin lahaayeen in waqtigooda iyo tamartoodu ku lumo weerar iyo weerar-celin sidaasna ay ku galbato ammaanadii dadkii soo doortay u dhiibteen.
Waxa si gaar ah loogu baahan yahay inuu madaxweynuhu sameeyo tanaasulo dhiirdhiiran oo ay ka mid yihiin dhimidda awoodaha xad-dhaafka ah ee golaha uu guddomiyaha ka yahay (xukuumadda); isla markaana uu madaxweynuhu ka hawl-galo barbaarinta iyo kobcinta labada dhardhaar ee caatada ah.